Definitions

• Bolus
• Chyme
• Retroperitoneal
• Peristalsis
• Mucosal barrier
• Absorption
• Lacteals
• Nutrient
• Macronutrient
• Micronutrient
• Essential nutrient
• Nitrogen balance
• Metabolism
• Catabolism
• Anabolism
• Hydrolysis
• Dehydration
• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Body energy balance
• Metabolic rate
• Pyrexia

  • Essay questions

    Type or write the answers to the questions below. Use your
    own words. Points will be taken out if you copied and pasted text from
    resources (textbook, internet, a classmate, …) Feel free to work in group. In
    that case you need to indicate the name of all students involved.

  • 1. Describe the first steps of food digestion, from
    the moment food enters the mouth until it enters the stomach. Explain how the
    tongue, the teeth and the saliva participate in digesting big molecules and
    moving food; the type of mobility in the esophagus; the entry point of food in
    the stomach.
  • 2. Explain how gastric gland cells coordinate their
    secretions to produce the acidic, enzyme-rich gastric juice.
    3.
    What modification of the stomach wall leads to
    specific gastric contractile activity? Explain how motility of the stomach
    participate in mechanic digestion of food. What type of motility happens in the
    stomach? Describe briefly the factors that control this motility.
  • 4. Pancreatic juice and bile: describe their
    composition, the organs and cells that secrete the molecules that make up bile
    and pancreatic juice, and where they are delivered to the small intestine to
    help digestion. What mechanisms control the production and release of these
    accessory organs’ secretions?
  • 5.
    Explain the role of each cell type that make up
    the small intestine mucosa. Which cells are responsible for nutrient
    absorption?
  • 6.
    List the three functions of the large intestine
    and describe where they happen, and/ or the mechanisms.
  • 7.
    Compare the absorption of lipids to the absorption
    of carbohydrates or proteins.
  • 8.
    In a table, the dietary sources, uses in body
    and dietary requirements of nutrients.
  • 9.
    Explain how redox (Reduction-Oxidation)
    reactions are important for metabolism. Make sure to explain: what is gained or
    loss during theses reactions; why oxidation is always coupled with reduction; which
    state (oxidized or reduced) has the most energy, what happens to glucose during
    cellular respiration while producing energy (reduction or oxidation?), and what
    are the molecules (coenzymes) that help redox reactions during this process.
    10.
    Describe where, in which form, and under which
    conditions each of the macronutrients are stored.
  • 11.
    Blood cholesterol can cause atherosclerosis, a
    condition when plaques form inside blood vessel, increasing blood pressure.
    Discuss the best ways to reduce blood cholesterol.
  • 12.
    Explain how hydrolysis of lipids yields more ATP
    than hydrolysis of glucose. Include the net yield of each metabolism and
    describe briefly the steps of each type of hydrolysis.
  • 13.
    In a table, contrast the lipoproteins
    chylomicron, LDL and HDLs. Indicate their composition (% of each type of
    molecules) and their roles.